<title>{1_5_1}General Survey of Inner Mongolia</title>
<text>The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was founded on May 1, 1947 as the first of its kind in China. The autonomous region, located in the northern part of China, extends from northeast to southwest, spans northern China and borders the Republic of Mongolia and Russia in the north and northeast respectively. Hohhot is its capital. It covers an area of over 1.1 million square km and has a population of 21.78 million. It is home to 49 ethnic groups, and 3.77 million of the population is Mongolian and over 900,000 people are of other ethnic minority groups.</text>
<text>The Inner Mongolia Plateau, the second largest plateau among the four major plateaus in China, stretches for over 3,000 km from northeast to southwest, accounting for two-thirds of the area of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, forming the main body of the topography of Inner Mongolia. Most of the plateau stands at an elevation of over 1,000 meters above sea level. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has a middle temperate monsoon climate, featuring less and uneven precipitation and violent climate change between winter and summer. The time from May to September is the best time to visit the grasslands of Inner Mongolia, while the time from August to the end of September (some 40 days) is the best time to visit the desert.</text>
<text>There are many scenic spots and historical sites, such as Genghis Khan's Mausoleum, the Zhaojun Mausoleum, the Wudangzhao Monastery, and the Xilituzhao Monastery.</text>
<text>The most attractive feature is the unique beautiful nature scenery of Inner Mongolia. It boasts broad grasslands and desert. There are some beautiful grasslands such as the Hulun Buir Grassland in northern Inner Mongolia, the Xilingol Grassland in central Inner Mongolia and the Xilamuren Grassland. The deserts in Inner Mongolia are mainly distributed in the western area. Some of them are very famous, including the Badain Jaran Desert, the Tengger Desert and Xiangshawan (Singing Sand Ravine in English, also Sand hill with bugle in Mongolian) of the Hobq Desert.</text>
<map filename="1_5_1">Scenic Spots in Inner Mongolia</map>
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<title>{1_5_2}Traffic of Inner Mongolia</title>
<text>There are 18 air routes from Hohhot to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hailar and Ulan Bator etc. There are also 2 international routes.</text>
<text>There are 19 State-owned trunk railways, 12 feeder railways and 5 local railways to tens of cities including Beijing, Xi'an, Hailar, Lanzhou and Yinchuan.</text>
<text>Hohhot has expressways to Beijing, Taiyuan, Xi'an, and Yinchuan. All counties and Qis (Qi, literally Banner, is an administrative division of county level in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) are connected by highways, even in many agricultural and pastoral areas as well as border areas. Six passenger transport regular buses are open to the border areas of Mongolia and Russia.</text>
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<title>{1_5_3}Accommodation of Inner Mongolia</title>
<text>Hotels have been mushrooming up in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Each major city has star ΓÇôlevel hotels, hotels accommodating foreign guests and various levels of hotels and hostels.</text>
<text>When you go to some out-of-the-way villages, an alternative is lodging in herdsmen's homes. The herdsmen in Inner Mongolia are simple and honest. They are forthright and hospitable. You will be given a warm reception. It goes without saying that you may as well give them a keepsake to show your friendship and thankfulness.</text>
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<title>{1_5_4}Custom of Inner Mongolia</title>
<text>Inner Mongolia enjoys rich and colorful ethnic culture. The traditional Naadam festival shows Mongolian ethnic folk customs.</text>
<text>Naadam (a Mongolian word for "entertainment'' or "games''): It is a traditional mass fair of the Mongolian ethnic people. The games are Mongolian wrestling, horse racing and archery as well as performance of ethnic songs and dances. Of them, competition games are the major ones. Almost all aspects of Mongolian life have competitions. There are various competitions of different scale held in the courses of Braiding horses Manes in spring, Aobao (a mound of stones) Sacrificial Ceremony and marriage ceremony. The long distance cross-country horse racing is the most exciting competition. The Naadam Grasslands Tourism Festival is celebrated in the second and third ten-day periods of each July.</text>
<text>The Sacrificial ceremony at Aobao is usually held in the third ten-day period of the fifth month to the first ten-day period of the sixth month according to the Chinese lunar calendar. The Aobao, a Mongolian word for mound, is a conic mound built by pilling up stones. The flagpole with sutra streamer and tree branches are stuck in it. . After sacrificing, there are also some traditional games like horse racing and Mongolian wrestling.</text>
<text>The Bonfire Festival is the traditional festival of the Oroqen people in the northern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. On June 18 of every year, the Oroqen people light bonfires and dance and sing around the bonfires and have fun all through the night.</text>
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<title>{1_5_5}Mongolian Dance</title>
<text>The Mongolian ethnic songs have two basic forms: Bogino Duu (short song) and Urtyn Duu (long song). The long song generates a preference for slow tempos, long melodic lines, wide pitch intervals and the absence of measured rhythm. The melody of the long song is embellished by improvisations on the vast drawn out steppes. The short song differs from the long song by precise rhythm and fixed tempo. The lyric must rhyme. The Mongolian ethnic song has a long history. The songs reveal the natural and uninhibited character of Mongolian ethnic peopl</text>
<text>The Mongolian minority ethnic dancing has a great reputation. It includes Andai dance, Yuhur, Bowl dance and Tsam Dance. There are characteristic dances showing Mongolian ethnic customs like horse racing, Mongolian wrestling, and archery.</text>
<text>The morin khuur or morin huur (from the Mongolian: морин хуур) is the most representative chordophone of Mongolian origin and the name roughly translates as "horse-head fiddle" in English. The end of the neck of the instrument has the form of a horse-head and thus it is called "horse-head fiddle". The morin huur has a simple structure, with a long and thin body and a bow. It can be played in various performances such as solo, ensemble and concerto. This instrument is used to play polyphonic melodies.</text>
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<title>{2_5_1}Black City Ruins</title>
<text>The Black City Ruins is located in the desert on the east bank of Nalinhe River, some 35 km southeast of Dalai Kubo Town of Ejin Banner in Alxa League, is an administrative division of prefecture level in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) in western Inner Mongolia. The Black City, Khara-Khoto (literally black city) in Mongolian, is the city ruins of Black Water City in the era of the Xixia (Tangut) Dynasty (1038-1227) and Ejin City in the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368).</text>
<text>The extant city wall was extended in the Yuan Dynasty. The plane of the structure is rectangle, with a length of 434 meters from west to east, and a width of 384 meters from south to north. The perimeter is 1,600 meters. The wall, with gates at the west and east reaches 10 meters at the highest point. There are enceintes constructed outside the city gates. A 13-meter-high dome-shaped stupa serving as a Buddhist shrine can be seen on the northwest corner of the wall. Remnants of government office buildings, residences of senior officials, Buddhist temples, common people's residential houses and streets are well preserved. There is an Islam Gubba (tomb) at the southwest corner outside of the city.</text>
<text>The Black City is the best-preserved ancient city on the ancient Silk Road. You can enjoy the wonder of Badain Jaran Desert on the way from Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, to Ejin Banner. It takes a day to cover the entire journey of over 390 km.</text>
<image filename="2_5_1a">Black City Ruins, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_1b">Black City Ruins, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_1c">Black City Ruins, Inner Mongolia</image>
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<title>{1_5_6}General Survey of Hohhot</title>
<text>Hohhot, which is Mongolian for green city, is called "Green City". As a place with plentiful Buddhist Monasteries in the past, it is also called "Monastery City".</text>
<text>Hohhot city is the capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and has been an important area for nomadic ethnic groups since ancient time. The topography of Hohhot features a decline from northeast to southwest, with an average altitude of some 1,000 meters above sea level. Its spring and autumn are short. The difference in temperature between day and night is big. The period from April to October is the best time for tourism.</text>
<text>Hohhot exercises jurisdiction over Yuquan District, Xincheng District, Huimin District, suburban districts, Tumote Zuo Banner and Tuoketuo County. The city covers an area of 6,079 square km, with a population of over 1.3 million. It is an area inhabited by 36 ethnic groups including the Mongolians (11 percent), the Han, Hui, Manchu, Oroqen, and Ewenki ethnic groups.</text>
<text>Hohhot, enjoying a long history, is an ancient city beyond the Great Wall. The Huns and Xianbeis lived here 2,000 years ago. The Mongolians have been here for hundreds of years. They all made their ethnic character's marks in this beautiful grassland and city.</text>
<text>Hohhot has many scenic spots and historical sites. It boasts more than 50 monasteries. Of them, the Dazhao Monastery, the Xilituzhao Monastery, the Wusutuzhao Monastery and the Lamadongzhao Monastery are the most well known. Other historical sites include the Zhaojun Mausoleum, Wanbu Huayanjing Pagoda, The Jin-Gang-Zuo-She-Li Pagoda (Pagoda for Buddhist Relics with Buddha's Warrior Seat), Hasuhai Lake, Mansion of Princesses of the Qing Dynasty and Suiyuan General's Official Residence. The suburbs of the city enjoy many beautiful grassland tourism scenic spots. On the vast grassland, a blast of wind blows the grass down and flocks of cattle and sheep come into view. It is a display of the natural beauty of grassland scenery.</text>
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<title>{1_5_7}Traffic of Hohhot</title>
<text>The Hohhot Baita Airport, 15 km northeast of downtown, has many air routes between Hohhot and some medium and large cities including Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Wuhan, Chifeng, Tongliao, Xilinhot, Wulanhot and Hailar.</text>
<text>The Beijing-Baotou Railway passes through Hohhot. There are trains in Hohhot directly heading for, Beijing and other cities such as Tongliao, Lanzhou, Wuhai, Erlian and Dongsheng. Each Wednesday and Thursday there are international trains heading for Ulan Bator.</text>
<text>There are expressways heading for Beijing, Taiyuan, Yinchuan and Xi'an. All banners or counties are connected by highways. Tens of long-distance passenger buses run to all towns nearby everyday, in addition to many regular passenger bus lines to the border provinces and regions in Mongolia and Russia.</text>
<text>With the downtown area as the center, there are some bus-lines to all places in the city. The No.1 bus at the railway station goes to the old city zone, while the No.7 bus goes to the new city zone. There are thousands of taxicabs all around the public areas.</text>
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<title>{1_5_8}Shopping of Hohhot</title>
<text>The city provides various specialties from all over Inner Mongolia such as Mongolian knifes Mongolian carpets, Mongolian silverwares and pilose antlers.</text>
<text>The most suitable place for buying local specialties is the marketplace in the street. It is the biggest market for agricultural and side-line products and sells various local specialties of excellent quality and reasonable price.</text>
<text>If you want to buy famous specialties, you can go to the Xinshiji (new century) Square on the Xincheng Xijie, the Tianyuan Shopping Mansion on the Zhongshan Xilu or Mandula Shopping Mansion on the Wuta Dongjie.</text>
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<title>{2_5_2}Inner Mongolia Museum</title>
<text>The Inner Mongolia Museum, located at the east intersection of Xinhua Jie, covers an area of 5,000 square meters. The museum has a total display area of 3,500 square meters, with four categorized exhibit sections, including: the display for revolutionary cultural and historical relics of Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia's ancient extinct life and palaeoanthropic display, the display for ethnic cultural and historical relics of Inner Mongolia, and the display for historical relics of the Inner Mongolia.</text>
<text>The cultural and historical relics of Inner Mongolia Museum enjoy distinct ethnic and local characteristics. They are mainly cultural and historical relics of the ancient ethnic groups such as the Huns, the Eastern Hus, the Wuhuans, the Xianbeis, the Turks, the Khitans, The Nvzhens, the Dangxiangs, as well as Mongolian and other ethnic Minorities. Among them, crowns and belts of the Huns, Buyao coronals of the Xianbeis' nobles, gold or agate saddles and pearled dragon robes of the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) are rare treasures.</text>
<tip>Take the Nos. 3, 13, 15, 20 and 24 buses to get to the Inner Mongolia Museum station or Xinshiji (new century) Square.</tip>
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<title>{2_5_3}Dazhao Monastery</title>
<text>Located in the old city zone of Hohhot, the Dazhao Monastery is the largest Gelug Buddhist sects' monastery. Dazhao, called Ih Ju (meaning big monastery) in Mongolian, was originally built in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). It is one of the rare monasteries without Living Buddhas. The Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) once resided at the monastery. For the sake of respecting the emperor, the monks of the Monastery abolished the reincarnation of Living Buddhas.</text>
<text>The architecture of the monastery is exquisite. The main hall is a lamasery combining both Tibetan and Han styles of architecture, the rest of the existing buildings within the monastery complex are nearly all in the Han style. There is a silver Buddha statue in the main hall, so the Monastery is also called Yinfo Si (Silver Buddha Monastery).</text>
<text>The Monastery is rich in precious cultural and historical relics and elegant works of art, including painted sculpture, splendid statues made of gold and copper, huge Thang-ga paintings for the Buddha Birthday Festival, musical instruments, 108 titles of fine collection of Buddhist scriptures-bkav-vgyur, and religious ritual implements. Of its abundant religious relics perhaps the most notable are the 'Three Marvelous Treasures', a title given to the Silver Buddha, the carved dragons on the huge golden pillars on either side of the statue and the delicate murals.</text>
<tip>From the railway station, take the No.1 bus and get off at Wujing Hospital. Then it takes five minutes to get there on foot. The price of the admission ticket is 15 Yuan.</tip>
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<title>{2_5_4}Xilituzhao Monastery</title>
<text>The Xilituzhao Monastery, situated in the Xingwang Xiang east of old city zone, is the largest Monastery in Hohhot. It was a small monastery but after reconstruction and extension during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), it achieved its current design.</text>
<text>The splendid Dajing Tang (Sutra Chanting Hall) is its architectural main body. The main hall, which is of Tibetan Style, is decorated with colorful glazed tiles on its inner walls. The<italic>Memorial Stele for the Success of Suppressing the Rebelling of Galdan</italic>, inscriptions by the emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), is in the front of main hall. In the southeast corner of the Monastery stands a 15-feet-high lamasery, which is quite grand. The Xilituzhao Monastery is regarded as the most beautiful monastery preserved in Hohhot. The Buddhist activities are held here each year.</text>
<tip>The Monastery is only 100 meters away from Dazhao Monastery. Take the No. 1 bus and get off at Wujing Hospital. Then you can get there on foot.</tip>
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<title>{2_5_5}Jin-Gang-Zuo-She-Li Pagoda (Pagoda for Buddhist Relics with Buddha's Warrior Attendants Seat)</title>
<text>The Jin-Gang-Zuo-She-Li Pagoda (Pagoda for Buddhist Relics with Buddha's Warrior Attendants Seat), which is called tabun suburgan in Mongolian and is popularly called Wuta Si (Five-Pagoda Monastery), is situated in the Wutasi Hou Street, Yuquan District, Hohhot. The construction of the Monastery began in the 5th year (1727) of the reign of the Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). The Pagoda, the only one still standing straight and intact in its original place, was originally a building in a lamasery-Cideng Si (Kind Lamp Monastery), which has already disappeared.</text>
<text>The Pagoda is 16.5 meters high and looks like a Buddha's Warrior Attendant's seat. It is composed of three parts: the base, the seat and the top (five pagodas). As more than 1,560 relief sculptures of Buddhas are engraved on the five pagodas, the Pagoda enjoys the reputation of being "Thousand-Buddha Pagoda". In addition, there are images of Bodhisattva, the Four Devarajas, Buddhist Saints, Heavenly Ladies, holy birds and animals, bodhi trees and Dorje, as well as engraved scriptures in Mongolian, Tibetan and Sanskrit. On the wall facing the Pagoda there are three stone relief sculptures, including a precious astronomical map marked with Mongolian inscriptions.</text>
<image filename="2_5_5a">Jin-Gang-Zuo-She-Li Pagoda (Pagoda for Buddhist Relics with Buddha's Warrior Attendants Seat), Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_5b">Jin-Gang-Zuo-She-Li Pagoda (Pagoda for Buddhist Relics with Buddha's Warrior Attendants Seat), Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_5c">Jin-Gang-Zuo-She-Li Pagoda (Pagoda for Buddhist Relics with Buddha's Warrior Attendants Seat), Inner Mongolia</image>
<tip>There is not any direct bus line to get there. It is not far from Dazhao Monastery. The area of Hohhot is not big, so taking a taxi is not expensive and is a convenient way to get there.</tip>
<text>The Wanbu Huayanjing Pagoda is located in Baita Village in the east suburb 18 km away from Hohhot City. The pagoda is white all through and thus has another name of Bai Pagoda (White Pagoda).The Wanbu Huayanjing Pagoda was said to be built in Emperor Shengzong's reign (983 - 1031) of the Liao Dynasty (907-1125). It has been renovated in many later dynasties. The Pagoda has been repaired and renovated in recent years, including the renovating the top of the pagoda and uncovering the pagoda's base which was buried in the earth.</text>
<text>It is a brick-wood pavilion style structure with a height of 45 meters and looks magnificent. There are spiral stairs inside and multi-layer interlaced beams on the inner and outer walls, you can climb up to the top to look far into the distance.</text>
<text>The bricks on its surface are carved with fine pictures. Inside you can find many scriptures written in different languages including Chinese, Mongolian, and the languages of Jurchen, Khitan and other ancient languages such as the ancient Syrian language and ancient Persian language. These scriptures were written by tourists during the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). Of them, some look like new ones.</text>
<tip>Take the regular bus and get off at the Baita Station to get there. The price of the admission ticket is fiveYuan (another five Yuan needed for climbing up the Pagoda).</tip>
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<title>{2_5_7}Lamadongzhao Monastery</title>
<text>The Lamadongzhao Monastery located in the Daqingshan Mountain, which is seven km north of Biqeq, is one of the birthplaces of the Gelug Buddhist sect in the Tumote area of Inner Mongolia.</text>
<text>It was built in the beginning of Wanli's reign (1573-1575) of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and extended in the 15th year (1658) of the reign of Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). The emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty in bestowed it the name of Guanghua Monastery in 1783.</text>
<text>The Monastery is composed of the front Monastery and the back Monastery. The front one has 4 storeys. It includes the three-room Tianwang (Devaraja) Hall, enshrining and worshiping the Four Devarajas; the Grand Sutra Hall with 49 rooms and two storeys; the Grand Hall with 25 rooms, enshrining and worshiping Buddha Maitreya, and has the stele engraved in Mongolian, Chinese, Manchu and Tibetan characters in the front; the second Hall is Happy Buddha Hall, enshrining and worshiping Eighteen Arhats and Guanyin Pusa (Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara) in the Octagonal Buildings; the Yama Hall with seven rooms. All the lively figures of Buddha are made of brass, and show high artistic craftsmanship.</text>
<text>The back one is a cave (called Pd cave) dug on the mountainside, with three storeys. It boasts the biggest sitting Buddha of this Monastery. There are 124 stone steps leading to the cave. Several stone Dagobas holding the remains of the past Living Buddhas are in the northeast of the Monastery. Most of the halls were ruined. There are 124 stone steps, the Buddha Residence and a carved stone figure of Buddha.</text>
<tip>It is on the Hohhot-Baotou City Expressway 34 km from Hohhot.</tip>
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<title>{2_5_8}Zhaojun Mausoleum</title>
<text>The Zhaojun Mausoleum is located on the bank of the Daheihe River south of Hohhot, nine km from the Hohhot downtown. The tomb is 33 meters high, with platforms and steps connected in front of it. Viewed from afar, the surface of the tomb appears to be dark green. Legend has that in autumn, when grass and trees wither, plants on the cemetery mound continue to prosper. It is herewith also called the "green tomb."</text>
<text>The attractions of the the Zhaojun Mausoleum include the Qingquan arch, the stone carving of Wang Zhaojun , the bronze for Marriage of Wang Zhaojun and Chanyu, the stele inscribed with poems written by Dong Biwu, the display of Wang Zhaojun Departing the Frontier and poem steles for Wang Zhaojun.</text>
<text>The story of Wang Zhaojun Departing the Frontier: Wang Zhaojun, whose first name was Qiang and hometown was Zigui, Nanjun County of the Western Han Dynasty (Xingshan County, Hubei Province now), was one of the famous legendary Four Beauties in ancient China .In the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Huhanye Chanyu, chief of the Huns, proposed ties of amity with the Han emperor court through marriage. Wang Zhaojun asked to get married with Huhanye of her own free will and departed the court. After marriage, she was conferred with the title of Ninghu Yanzhi (Yanzhi is the meaning of queen in the Hun Language). The marriage helped end of almost fifty years of war between the Han Dynasty and the Huns.</text>
<tip>Traffic: Take the tourist bus to get there from Hohhot downtown. The price of the admission ticket is 23Yuan. The opening time is from 8:00 to 18:00.</tip>
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<title>{2_5_9}Mansion of Princesses of the Qing Dynasty</title>
<text>The Mansion of Princesses of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) is located in the northern suburbs of Hohhot city. It has 5 rows, including hallway, grand hall and inner yard. There is a screen wall in front of the gate. There are rockeries and pools in the east of the Mansion.</text>
<text>According to the hand copied<italic>Records of Mansion of Princesses</italic>, the mansion had been home to Jingyi Princess, who is the fourth daughter of Emperor Shunzhi, Heshuo Gege (Gege refers to the daughter of the Prince in Manchu), who is the great-granddaughter of Duoergun Prince, and Kejing Princess, who is the sixth daughter of Emperor Kangxi. The mansion has been rebuilt many times, however, you can trace the old structure style. It is the Hohhot City Museum now.</text>
<image filename="2_5_9a">Mansion of Princesses of the Qing Dynasty, Inner Mongolia</image>
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<title>{2_5_10}Suiyuan General's Official Residence</title>
<text>The Suiyuan General's Official Residence is located to the west of the Gulou Building in Hohhot City new zone.</text>
<text>A new city was built 2.5 km northeast of the Hohhot old zone in the reign (1723-1735) of the Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) to station troops for the purpose of safeguarding the northwestern border regions. It was built from 1735 to 1739 and bestowed with the name of Suiyuan City. It was commanded by the Suiyuan General who was responsible for commanding the north of the Gobi Desert (what is now Inner Mongolia) and troops of Datong in Shanxi Province and Xuanhua in Hebei Province. The Official Residence, constructed at the standard of a top-rank governor of a border province, covers an area of 15,000 square meters, with a huge screen wall facing the gate and a couple of stone lions standing at both sides of the gate. There are three rows of halls in the yard. The front one is the main hall, with side buildings on the eastern and western sides of it. The government office is behind the main hall. The back yard is the private residence of the general. It basically retains the original layout even through renovated many times.</text>
<image filename="2_5_10a">Suiyuan General's Official Residence, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_10b">Suiyuan General's Official Residence, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_10c">Suiyuan General's Official Residence, Inner Mongolia</image>
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<title>{2_5_11}Wusutuzhao Monastery</title>
<text>The Wusutuzhao Monastery is located at the south foot of Daqingshan Mountain about 12 km northwest of Hohhot. The name<italic>Wusutu</italic>means having enough water in Mongolian language. The Wusutuzhao Monastery is composed of five neighboring monasteries including Qingyuansi Monastery, Faxisi Monastery, Changshousi Monastery, Guangshousi Monastery and Luohansi Monastery. The Wusutuzhao is a general term for these five monasteries.</text>
<text>The Qingyuansi Monastery, located at the center of the Wusutuzhao Monastery, is the main Monastery and was built in the reign (1573 ΓÇô 1620) of the Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)</text>
<text>The Faxisi Monastery, to the northeast of the Qingyuansi Monastery, was built in the third year (1725) of the reign (1723-1735) of the Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). It enjoys the most unique characteristics among the five monasteries, with exquisite architecture and gorgeous decoration. The Faxisi Monastery contains the engraved edition of<italic>Sumpa Khampo Sutra</italic>written by the Tibetan Lama Sumpa Khampo and sorted out by Norbu Sangwang Zhale, the third Living Buddha of the monastery. The sutra is 49 cm in length and seven cm in width, totaling 3,455 pieces. The content involves sutra, ethics, comments, medicine and maths.</text>
<text>The Changshou Monastery, to the east of the Qingyuansi Monastery, was built in the reign (1654-722) of the Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.</text>
<text>The Luohan Monastery, to the north of the Qingyuansi Monastery, was built in the reign of Emperor Yongzheng.</text>
<text>The Guangshou Monastery, originally named Chakar Chanmo Monastery, is located at the hillside to north of the Luohan Monastery. It was built in the reign (1567-1572) of the Emperor Longqing of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and was the first Monastery in the Wusutuzhao Monastery.</text>
<tip>At the back of the Monastery, there is the remains of the Great wall of the Zhao State (remains of the defense wall of the state of Zhao, one of the Seven Powers of the Warring States Period), with a rammed earth wall on the surface of ground. The Monastery is situated at the foot of the mountain, with a stream beside it. The trees are growing well there. The scenery is very beautiful in spring and autumn.</tip>
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<title>{2_5_12}The remains of the Great wall of the Zhao State</title>
<text>The remains of the Great wall of the Zhao State, which is the remains of the defense wall of the state of Zhao, one of the Seven Powers of the Warring States Period (475 BC-221 BC), is located at the southern foothills of the Daqingshan Mountain to north of Hohhot City. During the Warring States Period, the King of Zhao, Wuling was eager to expand his territory to the north. In order to consolidate the new territory and keep out invading nomadic tribes from the north, the King of Zhao, Wuling began to build the defense wall. The wall stretched from near Xuanhua City to the west, along the Yinshan Mountain and ended at the Gaoque Zhai on the Langshan Mountain in the Hetao area (Great Bend of the Yellow River). The tops of the Daqingshan Mountain, Wulashan and Langshan Mountains are punctuated by remains of beacon towers of the Great wall of the Zhao State.</text>
<image filename="2_5_12a">The remains of the Great wall of the Zhao State, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_12b">The remains of the Great wall of the Zhao State, Inner Mongolia</image>
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<title>{2_5_13}Huitengxile Grassland</title>
<text>The Huitengxile Grassland is located in the middle west of Chahar Youyi Zhong Banner of Wulanchabu City and is 135 km from Hohhot City. Huitengxile means chilly plateau in Mongolian language. The Grassland is 1,800 meters above the sea level and spans 100 km from west to east.</text>
<text>There are 99 natural lakes dotted on the beautiful Grassland, featuring both the boundless pasturing area and comeliness of a region of lakes.</text>
<text>Every May to September, Hutengxile becomes a sea of flowers. There is a natural cave in the Meilitugou. The cave is more than 100 meters above the ground. The cave can accommodate nearly 100 persons. The Heishan Mountain, with jagged rocks, boasts 99 various caves. Of them, the biggest one can contain 200-300 persons.</text>
<text>Tourists can enjoy their stay here riding on horseback, camels, toxophily, shooting, watching wrestling, climbing the Aobao. Tourists even can visit the herdsmen and enjoy the Mongolian dairy products, milk tea, mutton, and wine made from mare's milk.</text>
<tip>Take the long-distance bus in Hohhot to Chahar Youyi Zhong Banner of Wulanchabu City (Wuzhong Banner in short) and then take the regular bus to Zhuozishan Station.</tip>
<tip>The Wuzhongqi-Zhuozishan Highway spans the Huitengxile Grassland from south to north with many scenic spots and huge windmills along both sides of it.</tip>
<tip>The Sacrificial Ceremony at Aobao is usually held on the thirteen day of the fifth month of the Chinese lunar calendar. The Naadam (a Mongolian word for "entertainment'' or "games''), the grandest traditional mass fair of the Mongolian ethnic people, is usually held in the period of the twenty-fifth day of the seventh month to the 31st day of the seventh month according to the Chinese lunar calendar.</tip>
</tour_word>
<survey_word>
<title>{1_5_9}General Survey of Baotou</title>
<text>Baotou, meaning a place with deer in Mongolian language, is also called deer city. Baotou City is the largest city in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and it lies in the Midwest of Inner Mongolia. It is at the top of the famous Great Bend of the Yellow River, bordering with the Republic of Mongolia in the north and connecting to the Tumochuan Plain in the east and the Hetao Plain in the west. Baotou City covers an area of 27,691 square km, and exercises jurisdiction over 9 qi (banners), counties and districts with a total population of 2.3 million.</text>
<text>Baotou lies in the southern Mongolian Plateau and has a continental monsoon climate of the temperate zone. The average temperature annually is 21 degrees centigrade at the highest, and eight degrees below zero centigrade at the lowest. It is windy in spring and cool in summer. The city is an ideal summer resort for tourists.</text>
<text>Baotou has a long history. As early as the Warring States Period (475 BC-221 BC), the Qin Dynasty (221 BC-206 BC) and the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), this area was the front of the Central Plains. The government of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) began to implement the policy of relocating people to guard the frontier and cultivate the frontier area. The farmers came here from Shanxi, Hebei, Henan and Shaanxi. Thus, a residential area mainly engaged in agricultural production was gradually formed. At present, its industry is developing rapidly. Baotou City has become one of the important iron and steel industry bases in China.</text>
<text>Baotou is located on the fringe of the desert. The famous Xiangshawan (Singing Sand Ravine in English, also Sand hill with bugle in Mongolian) is a good desert tourist resort. The Saihantala Grassland in the center of Baotou is a unique urban grassland in China. The culture and custom scenic spots include Genghis Khan's Mausoleum, the Wudangzhao Monastery and Meidaizhao Monastery.</text>
</survey_word>
<survey_word>
<title>{1_5_10}Traffic of Baotou</title>
<text>The Baotou Airport is 23 km from the Baotou downtown and has shuttle flights from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other big cities, as well as direct flights for Xi'an, Yulin, Shijiazhuang, Wuhan, Lanzhou and other cities, among which flights for Beijing, Lanzhou and Shijiazhuang cities are available everyday.</text>
<text>Baotou has many railway stations. Of them, the Baotou Railway Station and Baotou East Railway Station are the major ones. Take the Nos.1, 2, 15 and 101 buses to get to the Baotou Railway Station. Take the Nos. 5, 7, 10, 13, 18, 131 and 133 to get to the Baotou East Railway Station. There are trains from Baotou to Beijing, Tianjin, Xi'an, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Ningbo and Hohhot.</text>
<text>There is a Hohhot-Baotou Expressway in Inner Mongolia, between Baotou and Hohhot. The travel time is two-hours. The Long-distance Bus Station of Baotou is situated at No. 189 Xinaobao Qianjie, Donghe District.</text>
<text>The terminuses of buses in the city and long-distance buses mostly gather at the square between the Baotou passenger transportation station and Baotou East Railway Station. The vehicles basically pass through the Nanbeiwai Dajie. The Baotou urban area includes Kunqu District, Qingshan District and Donghe District. Of them, the Donghe District is relatively far from the other two districts. There are many bus-lines starting in the Zhanqian Square of the Baotou East Railway Station.</text>
<text>The taxicabs are mainly Xiali cars. The taxies will charge six Yuan within three km and 1.2 Yuan per km after three km. There are also Songhuajiang mini-buses, which charge five Yuan within three km and 1.2 Yuan per km after three km.</text>
</survey_word>
<survey_word>
<title>{1_5_11}Accommodation of Baotou</title>
<text>Although Baotou is near the desert, there are many trees in the city. It boasts the biggest green area among the cities in Inner Mongolia. The condition of accommodation is very good in Baotou. Various levels of hotels provide ideal accommodation for the tourists.</text>
<text>For the sake of convenient travel, you can choose from the hotels in the Nanmenwai Dajie in front of the Baotou East Railway Station. These hotels with comfortable environment offer good service to tourists.</text>
<text>In addition, there are many hotels in the Gangtie Dajie in front of the City government building in the western part of the City.</text>
</survey_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_14">
<title>{2_5_14}Genghis Khan's Mausoleum</title>
<text>The present Genghis Khan's Mausoleum, built in 1954, is located in Ejen Khoruu Banner, Ordos City, about 180 km south of Baotou City.</text>
<text>Genghis Khan (1162-1227), or Yuan Taizu(the First Emperor of Yuan dynasty), whose original name was Tiemuzhen, was a renowned Mongolian statesman and militarist. He died of illness when his army was on the way to invade the Xixia (Tangut) Dynasty (1038-1227). The Khan was buried secretly according to the Mongolian custom. The burial place still remains a mystery. The Mausoleum is not the real burial place of the Khan. It is a cenotaph, where the coffin contains no body, but only headdresses and accessories. The grand Mausoleum has a length of 15 km and a width of 15 km. The main structures of the Mausoleum are three grand halls, which are shaped like Mongolian yurts and are connected to each other. They are the Main Hall, the Resting Palace (chamber containing the coffins of the Khan and his wife), the East Hall, the West Corridor and the East Corridor. The whole architecture features Mongolian ethnic art style. In the Main Hall stands a statue of Genghis Khan with a height of five meters. In the Resting Palace behind the Main Hall there are three yurts covered with yellow satin.</text>
<text>The Mausoleum has been guarded by the Darkhad, who devoted themselves to guarding the Mausoleum. The current Darkhad is the 35th generation.</text>
<text>Now, the memorial ceremony for Genghis khan is held four times each year and the 21st day of the third lunar month is the traditional date to hold the memorial ceremony.</text>
<tip>Take the bus to Ordos City from the Baotou busses station. At Ordos, take the bus to Chengling (Genghis Khan's Mausoleum). It takes about five hours in total. You can also take the Baotou-Yulin long-distance bus and get off at the Chengling Station. Yulin is a city in Shaanxi Province. The price of the ticket in most times is 60 Yuan and in the busy tourist season is 90 Yuan.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_15">
<title>{2_5_15}Wudangzhao Monastery</title>
<text>Located about 70km to the northeast of Baotou, the Wudangzhao Monastery is the only existing complete lamasery in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Wudang in Mongolian means "willow". Willows are plentiful in the Wudang Valley where the Monastery is located.</text>
<text>The ΓÇÿBadagar Monastery' was its original Tibetan name, meaning white lotus. It was built during the reign (1662-1722) of Emperor Kangxi of the Oing Dynasty (1644-1911). It was rebuilt in the 14th year (1749) of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Oing Dynasty and was bestowed the name of Guangjuesi Monastery, a Mandarin name. The first Living Buddha Norbu Sanggya Laco selected the place himself and built here. With gradual extension, the present scale was formed. The Monastery was built in the Tibetan style, which is the biggest tourist attraction. It is totally of traditional, pretty Tibetan architecture, with white walls and flattened roofs, and was modeled after its distant Tibetan cousin, the Tashilhungpo Monastery. Its six hall complexes are arranged in order and look magnificent. Of the halls, the Sugachin Hall is the uppermost one where all the lamas in the monastery gather to recite the sutras. In addition, the monastery boasts many Tibetan sutras and art treasures, especially Buddhist statues and abundant fine murals of gold, silver, copper, wood and mud.</text>
<tip>Taking regular buses in the square in front of Baotou Eastern Railway Station, you will reach the Monastery after a journey of about four hours. The admission ticket is 50 Yuan. From the kiosk on the hill beside of the monastery, the panorama of the Wudangzhao Monastery can be overlooked.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_16">
<title>{2_5_16}Meidaizhao Monastery</title>
<text>Lying 80 km east of Baotou City, the Meidaizhao Monastery was originally built during the reign (1567-1572) of Emperor Qinglong of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)and completed in 1575, the third year of the reign of Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty. The Monastery originally was named Lingjuesi and later changed to Shoulingsi. Because there is a Taihoumiao (queen mother temple) where the Sanniangzi's bone ash is in the Monastery, It is also called Sanniangzi Miao Monastery.</text>
<text>Sanningzi was the third wife of Altan Khan, a Mongolian tribal Khan in the Ming Dynasty. She was very beautiful, wise and brave, so the Khan trusted her very much and accepted her suggestion on friendly exchange with the Ming Dynasty. After the death of the Khan, Sanniangzi continued the friendly policy maintaining the peace between the Tumote Mongolian tribe and the Ming Dynasty for over 40 years. The Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty bestowed upon her the title of Princess Zhongshun (loyal Princess) and bestowed Altan Khan, his son and grandson the titles of Prince Shunyi (loyal and staunch Prince).</text>
<text>The Meidaizhao Monastery was very important for the introducing of Tibetan Buddhism into the Mongolian area. In 1582, Altan Khan invited the third Dalai Lama Soinam Gyamco to Mongolia for preaching. He bestowed Soinam Gyamco the title of Dalai Lama, which was applied retrospectively to its two predecessors Living Buddhas who were the first Dalai Lama and second Dalai Lama respectively.</text>
<text>The Meidaizhao Monastery is situated at the foot of a mountain and beside a stream. The scenery there is very beautiful. The Monastery, integrating the Mongolian and Tibetan architectural styles, was built in imitation of the Han style and served as both a residential area and a monastery. Covering an area of some 4,000 square meters, the monastery boasts abundant murals, including intact murals in the Main Hall such as the historical mural about Sakyamuni and murals describing Mongolian nobles' worship of Buddha.</text>
<tip>Take the Baotou-Hohhot regular bus on the No. 110 National Highway. It takes over one hour to pass the Meidaiqiao Bridge and get to the Arch of Meidaizhao if the bus doesn't stop midway to wait for passengers. The Price of a ticket is 35 Yuan.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_17">
<title>{2_5_17}Xiangshawan Tourism Area</title>
<text>The Xiangshawan (Singing Sand Ravine in English, also Sand hill with bugle in Mongolian) Tourism Area, situated in the Dalate Bannerin Ordos city, is 50 km south of Baotou City. It is assigned as a kind of natural desert scenic spot and is famous for its singing sand. In addition, it enjoys scenic spots like the desert lake, the oasis in the sand and Mongolian ethnic culture and customs.</text>
<text>The Xiangshawan Tourism Area is adorned with continuous dunes and splendid scenery. It is 110 meters in height, 500 meters in length and 40 degrees in gradient with crescent topography creating a massive echoing sand wall. The golden desert stretches to the horizon, which slides from the top of the dune and makes a plangent sound, forming the famous wonder "Sand hill with bugle".</text>
<tip>Take the Baotou-Ordos long-distance bus at the Baotou railway station and get off at Wayao Village nearby, then walk for five km to the scenic spot. The admission ticket is 60 Yuan.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_18">
<title>{2_5_18}Great Wall of the Qin</title>
<text>The part of of the Great Wall built during the Qin Dynasty (221 BC-206 BC) in Baotou extends some 120 km. Most of that was built on the north side of the mountain according to the topography. It was built with rammed earth at the passes of valleys and level land, while it was built with stones or mixed earth and stones at the mountainous regions. The stone part remains well preserved, with an outside wall of over four meters in height, base of four meters in width and top of two meters in width. On the contrary, the part built with earth was mostly ruined. As for the part built with mixed earth and stones, the remains exposed to the element for so many years look like a roadbed now. Even though, you can see the defense wall punctuated by some relics of beacon towers and small castles when you overlook from a higher spot. According to the survey, there are eight or nine remains of ancient cities beside the Great wall of the Zhao State. Perhaps they were the barracks in the Qin Dynasty (221 BC-206 BC) or the cities for stationing troops. The broken pottery of the Warring States Period, Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Western Han (206 BC-25 AD) can often be found in the remains of beacon towers and small castles.</text>
<image filename="2_5_18a">Great Wall of the Qin, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_18b">Great Wall of the Qin, Inner Mongolia</image>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_19">
<title>{2_5_19}The Great wall of the Zhao State</title>
<text>The Great wall of the Zhao State (the remains of the defense wall of the State of Zhao, one of the Seven Powers of the Warring States Period (475 BC-221 BC)), lies across the middle of Baotou City and is located in the Damiao Village in Guyang County of Baotou. It was built during the period from 306 BC and 300 BC. It stretches at the southern foot of the Yinshan Mountain, which faces to the north of the Tumochuan Plain. The Plain is rich in water and lush pasture and was a place of strategic importance in ancient times. Overlooking the Great wall Built with earth, the hazy remains can be seen stretching from Damiao Township, Baotou, extending west to Kundulun District, Baotou and extending east to Bianqianghao Village, Baotou. The Great wall of the Zhao State boasts over 2000 years of history and is the oldest existing part of the Great Wall. There is a part on City Downtown-Shiguai (District) Highway of Baotou City preserved very well.</text>
<image filename="2_5_19a">The Great wall of the Zhao State, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_19b">The Great wall of the Zhao State, Inner Mongolia</image>
</tour_word>
<survey_word>
<title>{1_5_12}General Survey of Chifeng</title>
<text>Located in the southeast part of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, Chifeng City (Ulaanhad in Mongolian language) is named after a red mountain (the Hongshan Mountain) northeast of the city proper. It covers an area of 84,000 square km and has a population of over four million. It exercises jurisdiction over seven qi (banners), two counties and three districts. It belongs to the transition region from Warm Temperate Zone to Frigid Zone. It is chilly and dry in winter, and it is warm and rainy summer. The period from April to August is the best time for tourism.</text>
<text>Chifeng was one of the cradles of ancient civilization in northern China including the Hongshan Culture and Liao (Khitan or Chitan) Culture and home to minority ethnic groups in northern China. It also was the birthplace and capital of the Liao Dynasty (916-1125). It is rich in nature landscapes including grasslands, lakes, forests, deserts, mountains, dams and hot springs. Of them, The Heishuihe River, Chigang Desert, Gonggar Grassland and Bayantara Grassland are good resorts.</text>
<text>The famous historical relics include the Daming Pagoda, the ruins of Shangjing and Zhongjing of the Liao Dynasty.</text>
</survey_word>
<survey_word>
<title>{1_5_13}Traffic of Chifeng</title>
<text>The Chifeng Airport has shuttle flights to Beijing, Hohhot and other places every day.</text>
<text>Situated in the south of the city proper at the southernmost end of Zhaowuda Lu, the Chifeng Railway Station has direct trains running to Beijing, Hohhot, Shenyang, Dalian, Jinzhou and Chengde Cities.</text>
<text>Located at the square in front of the Chifeng Railway Station, the Chifeng Long-distance Bus Station, with the No. 111 National Highway passing through, has direct coaches running to Beijing, Tianjin, Qinhuangdao, Shijiazhuang, Shenyang, Tangshan, Jinzhou and Chaoyang Cities.</text>
</survey_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_20">
<title>{2_5_20}Keshiketeng National Geo-park</title>
<text>The Keshiketeng Natioanl Geo-park is located in Keshiketeng Banner, Chifeng City, of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It is situated at the meeting of three Major Physiognomies including the Inner Mongolia Plateau, the Greater Hinggan Mountains and The Yanshan Mountains and is also on the joint of Sino-Korean Plate and Siberian Plate. Its unique geographic location and complex structural movement brought up various beautiful and magic geographic sights in Keshiketeng Banner.</text>
<text>The Keshiketeng National Geo-park, covering an area of 5,000 square km, mainly composed of eight types Geographic and physiognomy sights including the Asihatu Rock (granite) Forest, the Qingshan (Daqingshan Mountain) Granite Mortar Group and Granite Peak Forest, the Huanglianggang Ruins of Quaternary Glacier, the Pingdingshan Ice-free Cirque Group, the Dalinor Lake Volcanoes, the Reshuitang Hotspring, the Xilamulun Canyon and the Hunshandark Sandy Land.</text>
<image filename="2_5_20a">Keshiketeng National Geo-park, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_20b">Keshiketeng National Geo-park, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_20c">Keshiketeng National Geo-park, Inner Mongolia</image>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_21">
<title>{2_5_21}Dalai Nur Lake</title>
<text>The Dalai Nur Lake, one of the four major inland lakes in Inner Mongolia, is reputed as "a paradise for various birds" and as the third largest swan lake in China. It is located in the southwest part of the Gonggar Grassland 90 km from Jingpeng Town where the government of Keshiketeng Banner is located. Dalinor, with the meaning of "a lake as vast and beautiful as the sea", was called "Yu Po" (fish lake literally), "Buyu Hu" (fishing lake literally) or "Darhaizi" in ancient times.</text>
<text>The Lake, with a perimeter of over 100 km, takes the shape of a hippocampi. The vast meadow around the Lake has ascends slightly but goes down in the southeastern corner with the Mantuoshan Moutain standing across as a barrier. The Dalinor Lake and her two cousins namely the Ganggen Nur and Doilun Nur Lake are threaded with the Liangze River, Gonggar River and Shali River, forming a 238-square km plateau lake with a total water reserve of 1.6 billion cubic meters and a depth of 13 meters.</text>
<image filename="2_5_21a">Dalai Nur Lake, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_21b">Dalai Nur Lake, Inner Mongolia</image>
<tip>Take the long-distance bus at the front of the Chifeng Railway Station to get there in about six hours.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_22">
<title>{2_5_22}Asihatu Glacial Rock Forest</title>
<text>The Asihatu Glacial Rock Forest, "steep rock" in Mongolian, is located in the north of the Keshiketeng Banner. It is situated in the transitional terrain from the end of the Greater Hinggan Mountain to the west grassland. The mountains on the grassland feature a typical flat hilly area, so the glacial stone forest shows very salient characteristics.</text>
<text>Covering an area of tens of square km, the Glacial Rock Forest eroded by the melted water of the Quaternary Glacier has various vivid forms like stelae, rock jungle and rock pagodas and rock walls. Each summer is the best time to enjoy the Glacial Rock Forest.</text>
<image filename="2_5_22a">Asihatu Glacial Rock Forest, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_22b">Asihatu Glacial Rock Forest, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_22c">Asihatu Glacial Rock Forest, Inner Mongolia</image>
<tip>Take the long-distance bus or mini bus from Chifeng to Linxi County, then transfer to the mini-bus to go to Tianheyuan Township and finally hire a local vehicle to get there. One can also rent a taxi to go there directly from Chifeng. One can dwell in the Tianheyuan Township Hostel. The price is 15-20 Yuan per day.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_23">
<title>{2_5_23}Reshuitang Hotspring</title>
<text>The Reshuitang Hotspring is 30 km from Keshiketeng Banner, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, and 230 km from Chifeng City, with the Jining-Tongliao Railway passing through and as a station. It is a geothermal hotspring, which has been developed and utilized for more than 400 years. The hotspring with a temperature of 83 degrees Centigrade contains trace elements, which are necessary for human bodies or have curative effect for some illnesses.</text>
<text>The Qingshan (Daqingshan Mountain) Granite Mortar Group is located in Xinjing Township, 25 km from Jingpeng Town. The Daqingshan Mountain (the highest peak), with an altitude of over 1,500 meters above sea level, is very beautiful. The top enjoys a unique geographic wonder in the world: Glacial Granite Mortar Group. It has 200 various sizes of granite mortars. Some big one looks like a jar, some small one looks like a basin. They have different shapes and distinct characteristics.</text>
<title>{2_5_25}Ruins of Shangjing of the Liao Dynasty</title>
<text>The ruins of Shangjing (Supreme Capital) of the Liao Dynasty are located in the south of Lindong Town, Balin Left Banner. In the beginning of the 10th century, Yelu Abaoji, the Emperor Taizu of the Liao Dynasty (913-1125), established the Khitan (Chitan) Kingdom, later renamed the Liao Kingdom. In the third year (918) of the reign of Emperor Shence of the Liao Dynasty, the capital city of Liao was begun to be built. The first name was Huangdu (Imperial Capital), renamed Shangjing (Supreme Capital), and is composed of Hancheng (Han city), Huangcheng (Imperial City) and Danei (Imperial Palace), with a perimeter of nine km or so.</text>
<text>Huangcheng, in the north of the Shangjing, was inhabited by Khitans (Chitans). There were official residences, government offices and monasteries in the south and north of Huangcheng. The roads interweave each other. There are many ruins of architectures, with a stone carved statue of Guanyin (Kwan-yin) existing now. The north and west of Huangcheng, the region nobles of Khitan put up the yurts, are open areas with nothing left.</text>
<text>Danei, in the center of Huangcheng, was the Imperial Palace. The grand palace was built on the mound surrounded by the palace wall. The place suffered from floods many times. Most of the south wall of Huangcheng and the wall of Hancheng collapsed. The remnant wall is about six meters high. The sites of each gate of Huangcheng and enceintes of the gates still exist. The south of Huangcheng has been buried in recent years.</text>
<image filename="2_5_25a">Ruins of Shangjing of the Liao Dynasty, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_25b">Ruins of Shangjing of the Liao Dynasty, Inner Mongolia</image>
<tip>There are buses from the Chifeng Station to Lindong Town. The ruins of Shangjing of the Liao Dynasty are located in Lindong Town, Balin Left Banner. The locals all call Balin Left Banner Lindong Town.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_26">
<title>{2_5_26}Ruins of Zhongjing of the Liao Dynasty</title>
<text>Zhongjing (Middle Capital) was one of five capitals of the Liao Dynasty (913-1125). Its ruins are located in Daming Township of Ningcheng County, Chifeng City.</text>
<text>The magnificent Zhongjing City, with a perimeter of some 15 km is composed of the outer city, inner city and Imperial City. The outer city has a length of 4,200 meters from west to east and a width of 3,500 meters from north to east. The remnant wall has a height of four to six meters, with a base of 11 to 15 meters in width and the mound of 10 to 15 cm in thickness. According to archaeological discovery, the south of the outer city was inhabited by Han ethnic people. It had markets, monasteries, private residences, official residences and post-houses.</text>
<text>The inner city is located in the center of the north of the outside city, with a length of 2,000 meters from west to east and a length of 1,500 meters from north to south. The tower on the wall was an official residence or the area for stationing troops.</text>
<text>The Imperial City is located in the center of the north of the inner city, with a length of some 1,000 meters, is a square-shaped city. The wall is in ruins. It once was the residential area of the nobles of Khitan. It had palaces and storehouses. The ruins of the palaces can still be traced.</text>
<tip>It takes 20 minutes to get there by the Tianyi Town - Dachengzi regular bus or Tianyi Town-Tiejiang Yingzi regular bus.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_27">
<title>{2_5_27}Daming Pagoda</title>
<text>The Daming Pagoda is located in the ruins of the Liao Dynasty's Zhongjing (Middle Capital) in Ningcheng Town. It is said that it was a pagoda of the Gansheng Monastery. The inscription in the fourth year (1098) of Emperor Shouchang of the Liao Dynasty (913-1125) was found in a renovation project of the Pagoda, which proved that the Pagoda was built in the late Liao Dynasty. The octagonal, multi-eave, brick pagoda has thirteen storeys, with a height of 81.14 meters. It is the second highest existing pagoda in China. The lower part of the pedestal is step style and the upper one is in lotus petal shape. Its first storey is enchased with relief statues on each side, and is a sculptural masterpiece of the Liao dynasty. The pagoda steeple and the first level of the pagoda eave are not in the architectural style of the Liao Dynasty due to the maintaining in later dynasties. When the Pagoda was maintained, the brickbat and earth from the Pagoda covered up the pedestal, forming a mound base with a height of seven meters or so. The south side of the first storey has an inscription written in Mongolian for the renovation of the Pagoda in the fourth year (1854) of Emperor Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). The mounded earth on the pedestal was totally cleaned up in recent years. The original features are renewed. On the eighth day of the fourth lunar month of each year, there is a fair held around the Daming Pagoda, attracting hundreds of thousands of people nearby to visit and sight see.</text>
<title>{2_5_28}Mausoleum of Emperor Taizu of the Liao Dynasty</title>
<text>The Mausoleum of Emperor Taizu of the Liao Dynasty (913-1125) is located in the ring valley two km northeast of Zuzhou site of the Liao Dynasty in Balin Left Banner. A hill stands in front of the valley mouth where earthern walls and gate were built to keep the mausoleum off the outside. The entrance is for a small vehicle only. The valley enjoys flourishing trees and murmuring streams, and is beautiful scenery. The Mausoleum of Emperor Taizu (Yelu Aboji) of the Liao Dynasty is on the northwest mountainside in the valley. The stone wall of the underground palace is exposed on the ground. The Sacrificial Palace ruins still exist at the foot of the mountain. The ruins of stone statues and sutra streamers are hidden in the jungle. There are many architecture sites for guarding and sacrificing on both sides of the entrance of the valley. There is a big stone tortoise carved in the hill east of the entrance. Some remnant steles found nearby are carved with neat and elegant Khitan characters. They are important information for the study of Khitan culture. The Mausoleum is an important cultural relic site under state-level protection.</text>
<image filename="2_5_28a">Mausoleum of Emperor Taizu of the Liao Dynasty, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_28b">Mausoleum of Emperor Taizu of the Liao Dynasty, Inner Mongolia</image>
<text>The Bolongke Desert Tourism Zone is located in Chaoge Wendo Sumu (township-level administrative division in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), Ongniud Banner, Cheifeng City. It is 120 km from Chifeng City and is a tourist zone close to Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei Province and Liaoning province. It is a combination of desert, grassland, fantastic mountains, grotesque rocks, crystal lakes, and primeval secondary forest, and is a good resort for enjoying the natural fantastic scenery and tasting Mongolian ethnic culture and customs.</text>
<text>The mountain of Bolongke boasted lush trees many years ago. Some trees were so big that several persons can circle it hand in hand. The density of the trees was very high also. The vegetation was damaged later. The Daheishan Mountian has no trees at all due to many years of crazy tree felling. At the same time, the Horqin and Hunshang Dark Sandy Lands was emerging and increasingly enlarged. The Longboke is just on the corner of the Horqin Sandy Land. All these factors brought about a fantastic combination of lakes, desert, grassland, swamp and forest. It is not only very beautiful but also full of wildness, roughness and bleakness.</text>
<tip>It takes about two hours to get to Wudan Town, Ongniud Banner by taking the long-distance bus from the Long-distance Bus Station of Chifeng. Then one can hire a vehicle to get there with a shuttle ride of 1.5 hours. There are various levels of guestrooms and yurts for accommodation in the Tourism Zone.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_30">
<title>{2_5_30}Baiyinaobao Nature Reserve</title>
<text>The Baiyinaobao Nature Reserve in Keshiketeng Banner, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, covering a total area of 13,862 hectares, is a nature reserve focusing on the spruce (Picea mongotica) forest ecosystem.</text>
<text>The area is located in the southeast edge of the Mongolian Plateau. It is on the grassland to northeast of Hunshang Dark Sandy Land and situated in the interwoven terrain of plant distribution of northeast China, north China and the Greater Hinggan Mountains. The physiognomy in the Nature Reserve mainly features sandy land, hills and river valleys. The altitude is 1,300-1,500 meters above the sea level. The plants mainly of the Mongolian system enjoy higher plants with 68 families, 239 genera and 460 species according to the incomplete statistics. The Reserve boasts large a natural spruce (<italic>Picea mongotica</italic>) forest, reputed as "the unique dark coniferous forest natural biological gene bank existing in the Inner Mongolia Plateau". The peculiar geographic situation provides wildlife with a relatively ideal place, forming complete wildlife population. The wildlife distributed in the area includes important animals under state-level protection such as bustard, common crane, swan, demoiselle crane, red deer and lynx.</text>
<tip>There is the regular bus for Baiyinaobao at the bus station of Jingpeng Town.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_31">
<title>{2_5_31}Daqinggou National Nature Reserve</title>
<text>The Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, covering a total area of 8.33 thousand hectares, is a well-preserved plant community of ancient forest. Daqinggou, Chonghule in Mongolian, is a famous broad-leaved forest nature reserve in Inner Mongolia. It is 25 km southwest of Ganqika Town, and is a green deep valley from south to north.</text>
<text>The Daqinggou, in the south of Zhelimo League, is joined with the Horqin Sandy Land, which is over 250 km long. The deep valley is composed of an east one and a west one, more than 10 km each. The two valleys intercross in the shape of "Σ║║". The valley, with a depth of more than 100 meters and a width of some 200-300 meters, stretches into Pengwu County, Liaoning Province.</text>
<text>The Daqinggou features distinct nature compared with the sandy land outside of the Valley. The murmuring stream is clear and sweet. The scenery in the valley is beautiful and hazy.</text>
<image filename="2_5_31a">Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_31b">Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, Inner Mongolia</image>
<tip>Take the train for Qiqihar City and get off at the Railway Station of Ganqikar, and then walk for 10-15 minutes to the long-distance bus station. Take the microbus for Daqinggou. The microbus sets out every hour, and the ride takes one and half hours.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_32">
<title>{2_5_32}Residence of Prince Kalaqin</title>
<text>The Residence of Prince Kalaqin, located in Wangfu Town, Kalaqin Banner, 70 km southwest of Chifeng City, is the most intact existing Residence of a prince in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.</text>
<text>The residence covers an area of over two hectares and totals five rows of yards. On the axis are the main hall, second hall, ritual hall, lobby and Chenchin Pavilion. The east and west side compounds are the residential area and official area. In the west are monastery, ancestral temple, parlor, official hall, study and a field for practicing military skills. In the west are theater, bedchambers of the Prince and his wife, and dining room. The yard has green trees and is very quiet and tranquil. The pavilion and halls look very harmonious. There were 12 Princes who resided here.</text>
<image filename="2_5_32a">Residence of Prince Kalaqin, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_32b">Residence of Prince Kalaqin, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_32c">Residence of Prince Kalaqin, Inner Mongolia</image>
</tour_word>
<survey_word>
<title>{1_5_14}General Survey of Xilinhot</title>
<text>Located in the middle of Xilingol Grassland of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xilinhot City is the location of the prefecture government office of Xilingol Meng (League). Xilinhot City exercises jurisdiction over seven Sumus (sumu is township-level administrative division in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), six state run farms and pastures and six sub-district offices. The city covers a total area of 18,750 square km, with a population of some130 thousand. It is home to 17 ethnic groups including the Mongolian, the Han, Manchu, and Hui ethnic groups. It is a grassland city inhabited by multiple ethnic groups with Mongolian people as main body and Han people holding the majority in terms of number.</text>
<text>Xilinhot, called Beizi Monastery historically, was originally built in the eighth year (1743) of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). It was renamed Xilinhot in 1953. The climate of Xilinhot is a typical continental climate of the temperate zone. The spring and autumn are short with frequent sandstorms, the winter is long, and the summer is not hot and is the best season for tourist.</text>
<text>The city has a long history and boasts a great number of historical sites. It enjoys the Great walls of the Qin Dynasty (221 BC-206 BC), Yan State, which was one of the Seven Powers of the Warring States Period (475 BC-221 BC), and the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234). It also has the Site of the Upper Capital of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), and Honggar Rock Paintings, as well as the Xuanshipo and Limafeng, inscriptions of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) for his five times attacking Gobi desert. The Beizi Monastery, which is one of four major monasteries in Inner Mongolia, and Bayingchagang Obo holy land for sacrificing are very famous too.</text>
<text>The xilingol Grassland is the major natural scenery of Xilinhot. The Grassland is well-known for its variety of grassland types, such as meadow grassland, typical grassland, half-desert grassland and sandy grassland.</text>
</survey_word>
<survey_word>
<title>{1_5_15}Traffic of Xilinhot</title>
<text>The railways of Xilinhot are connected with the Jining-Tongliao Railway and open to traffic. The shuttle tourism train heading for Hohhot only takes one night. The Boeing 737 can land and take-off at the Xilinhot Airport, located in the west part of the City proper. The airport has shuttle flights to Beijing, Hohhot, Hailar and other places every day. It merely takes 40 minutes from Beijing to Xilinhot.</text>
<text>The No. 207 National Highway and No. 203 National Highway run through Xilinhot City. The former extends southwest to Zhangjiakou City and the latter reaches Keshiketeng Banner in the southeast. The section between Zhangjiakou and Xilinhot of the No. 207 National Highway is widened and the project of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Expressway is completed, thus it shortens the time for the tourists from Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province as well as south of these regions to reach the Xilingol Grassland. It takes four hours to reach the Xilingol Grassland and takes some seven hours to reach Xilinhot City starting from Beijing.</text>
</survey_word>
<survey_word>
<title>{1_5_16}Accommodation of Xilinhot</title>
<text>There are more than 40 hotels. Among them, there are three three-star hotels, two two-star hotels and five one-star hotels. There are many tourism resort villages in the grassland.</text>
</survey_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_33">
<title>{2_5_33}Xilingol Grassland</title>
<text>As part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, the Xilingol Grassland, with relative flat and wide topography, boasts a natural pasture with an area of 18 square km. The topography has an incline from southeast down to northwest. The southeast part is hills mostly, with the basins scattered here and there. The northwest part is flat, with some hills and fulgurite mesas dotted about. The northeast part is the Wozhumochin Basin, rich in water resources, with rivers densely covering it. The southwest part is the Hunshang Dark Sandy land, and is composed of a series of dunes, which are fixed and half-fixed dunes mostly. The elevation of the Grassland is 800-1,200 meters above sea level.</text>
<text>The Xilingol Meng (League) boasts many rivers and lakes. Most of the rivers are inland rivers including the Wulagay River, Balageng River, Xilingol River and Gaogastay River. The Luanhe River water system flows into the sea. There are 1,363 various lakes dotted on the vast Grassland. Of them, there are 672 freshwater lakes including four bigger ones, namely the Wulagay Lake, Chagang Nur, Bayingkunlun Nur Lake and Haoletuying Nur Lake.</text>
<text>The region has five kinds of wildlife under first class state protection including red-crowned crane, oriental white stork, great bustard, and Pallas's sea eagle, as well as 21 kinds of wildlife under second class state protection like whooper swan, steppe eagle and Mongolian Gazelle.</text>
<tip>There are many tourism resort villages for accommodation and sampling of folk customs in the grassland, such as West Wozhumochin Grassland,Baiyingxile Pasture, Gegeng Obo Grassland tourism Resort Village,Xiritala Grassland tourism Resort Village. One can choose a one-day tour starting from Xilinhot City.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_34">
<title>{2_5_34}The Site of the Upper Capital of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)</title>
<text>The Site of the Upper Capital of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), situated in the Zhenglan Qi (Bannner) south of Xilinhot, was founded in 1256 and chosen as the capital by Kublai, the first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), when he came to reign as the Khan. Later, the emperor moved the capital to Beijing, and thus it served as the second capital.</text>
<text>This is a square site. Standing on the base outside the city, tourists can recognize its original pattern. The city of the upper capital is about nine km in girth, and divided into three parts including the outer city, the inner city and the palace city. Of them, the latter stands at the core of the city. This was where emperors and their wives spent summer. It boasts a natural style. The outer and inner parts were official residences. In addition, there is a large imperial garden nearby, in which reside bamboo pavilions, and marble palaces, as well as exotic flowers and rare herbs. Here once lived elks for emperors to hunt.</text>
<text>On the northwest of the city of the upper capital is the Iron Pole Canal which was build during the Dade reign of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). It was designed by Guo Shoujing, a famous scientist in the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). This is the unique hydro- project preserved intact on the grassland in northern China.</text>
<image filename="2_5_34a">The Site of the Upper Capital of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_34b">The Site of the Upper Capital of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), Inner Mongolia</image>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_35">
<title>{2_5_35}The Beizi Monastery</title>
<text>It is situated on the southern slope of the Erdun Taoligay Obo Mountain in the north of Xilinhot. It was founded during the Qianlong reign in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) and considered as one of the four major monasteries in Inner Mongolia. It was built by the local Beizi (hereditary title of Manchu nobility below Beile, which was the hereditary title below Prince) Palachidorgy in the Beizi Banner, therefore, it was named the Beizi Monastery.</text>
<text>The whole grand building is composed of seven palaces including the Chaokechin, Minggang,Quri, Zhudorba, Tingkar and Eritetu. In addition, there are other tens of small palaces and over 2,000 dormitories for monks.</text>
<text>During the centuries after the Monastery was founded, it has served as a major place for herders to worship. The Monastery enjoys popularity among local people. Tourists can find numerous murals describing the history and life of the Mongolian ethnic group there.</text>
<tip>Take the No. 1 Bus to get there. It only takes 20 minutes to walk there from the downtown.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_36">
<title>{2_5_36}The Xuanshipo and the Limafeng</title>
<text>In the Changtuxile Sumu, Sunite Left Banner lays many huge white-and-black stones on the ground, one of which was carved in powerful strokes, reading Xuanshipo and another Limafeng. Neighboring them is a giant stone carved with a censer, four horse's hoof prints and some inscriptions, which tells people that these stone carvings were done when Zhu Di, the third Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), reached the north of Gobi desert during an expedition in the eighth year (1410) of the Yongle reign.</text>
<image filename="2_5_36a">The Xuanshipo and the Limafeng, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_36b">The Xuanshipo and the Limafeng, Inner Mongolia</image>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_0">
<title>{2_5_37}Honggar Rock Paintings</title>
<text>It is situated in the deserts close to the China-Mongolia borderline in Honggar, Sunite Left Banner, Xilingol Meng. These are the most typical ones among the ancient rock paintings in Xilingol Meng.</text>
<text>The rock paintings can mainly be found in Hohechalu, Biqigetu Bapotu and Tulay, amounting to over 600 combined. These paintings successfully describe the nomadic, hunting and sacrificing life of the ethnic minorities in northern China. The main themes are hunting. The Honggar Rock Paintings belong to works of the Bronze Age.</text>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_38">
<title>{2_5_38}The "Great Wall" of the Jin Dynasty</title>
<text>It is also called Jiehao (literally boundary trench). The structure is different from common defense works. It is a deep channel, looking like a trench. It extends over 5,000 km from Hulun Buir in the east to the Daqingshan Mountain in the west. The middle section runs across Xilinhot and Abagar Banner. Today, tourists can still see the trench sites.</text>
<image filename="2_5_38a">The "Great Wall" of the Jin Dynasty, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_38b">The "Great Wall" of the Jin Dynasty, Inner Mongolia</image>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_39">
<title>{2_5_39}Turki Stone Carved Figure</title>
<text>Many ancient stone-carved figures are found in East Wozhumochin Banner, West Wozhumochin Banner, Nabagar Banner, Zhenglan Banner, and Dolun County. The appearance of these figures looks similar, young and old, men and women. Some are standing, some are seated and others are walking. Most of these figures are sacrificial objects, 1.3 m high. According to textual research, stone figures are the sites of Turki. During the Sui (581-618) and the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the Xilingol Grassland was home to ancient Turki.</text>
<image filename="2_5_39a">Turki Stone Carved Figure, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_39b">Turki Stone Carved Figure, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_39c">Turki Stone Carved Figure, Inner Mongolia</image>
</tour_word>
<survey_word>
<title>{1_5_17}General Survey of Hulun Buir</title>
<text>Hulun Buir City, located in the northeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, borders Russia in the northwest and Mongolia in the southwest with the total borderline of 1,724 km. It is named after two lakes--Hulun(Darpun Lake)and Buir. Hulun Buir City has a total area of 253,000 square km and it exercises jurisdiction over one district, five county-level cities and seven Qi (banners). Hailar District is the site of the municipal government. Hulun Buir has a population of 2.67 million, including 33 ethnic groups, of which the minority ethnic groups have a population of nearly 500,000.</text>
<text>Hulun Buir enjoys beautiful natural scenery. The vast Hulun Buir Grassland with rivers and lakes spreading all over, is one of the best ecologically preserved grasslands. The virgin forest, secondary forest and reforestation on areas of the Greater Hinggan Mountains all can be seen here. You can enjoy the meandering Morgele River and a vast expanse of misty, rolling waters in Hulun Lake. The border city Manzhouli, grassland city Hailar, forest city Yakeshi and mountain city Zhalantun each have unique features.</text>
<text>The historical relics of ancient northern ethnic groups of China can be found in homo crania fossil of Zhalainor, the Stone Rooms of ancient Xianbei ruins, the ancient city Heishantou and Jinbian trench.</text>
<text>The life style and ethnic culture of Mongolian, Daur, Ewenki and Oroqen also form a remarkable human sight.</text>
<text>The drainage area of Erguna River is the birthplace of the Mongolian people.</text>
<text>Hulun Buir is located in the northeast of China, featuring a continental climate of the temperate zone. The best tourism period in the summer lasts from mid- May to mid- September, and that in winter from November to mid- February.</text>
</survey_word>
<survey_word>
<title>{1_5_18}Traffic of Hulun Buir</title>
<text>The Hailar Dongshan Airport of Hulun Buir is 7 km from the downtown area. Hulun Buir enjoys convenient air-traffic with scheduled flights to Beijing, Hohhot and Xilinhot available each week.</text>
<text>The Harbin-Manzhouli Railway runs across Hulun Buir. It is accessible to Beijing, Harbin, Hohhot and Baotou. The Beijing-Manzhouli Railway also runs through Hulun Buir. It takes about two hours from Hulun Buir to Beijing by train and two and a half hours from Hulun Buir to Hohhot.</text>
</survey_word>
<survey_word>
<title>{1_5_19}Accommodation of Hulun Buir</title>
<text>Hulun Buir boasts hotels of various grades. Many middle and top class hotels centralize on the Zhongyang Dajie in the downtown area. Some small hostels are cheaper, usually about tens of RMB. In addition, one can also dwell in the yurts offered by herdsmen, and enjoy the native grassland flavor.</text>
</survey_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_40">
<title>{2_5_40}Hulun Buir Grassland</title>
<text>The Hulun Buir Grassland is the lushest superior pasture existing in China. As it is hardly polluted, it also enjoys the reputation of "the purest prairie". Nourished by thousands of large and small rivers, each summer one can see numerous nightingales, flourishing grass and droves of flocks and herds.</text>
<text>The most unique scenes on the Hulun Buir Grassland are the Huhe Nur Grassland and the Hulun Nur Lake.</text>
<text>The Huhe Nur Grassland, located in Chenbarhu Banner 45 km from Hailar, is the best place to view Hulun Buir Grassland as well as the grassland folk-custom tourist sites which best represents the local features. Huhe Nur means "green lake" in Mongolian. There are many rivers and lakes on the grassland, of which, Huhe Nur Lake enjoys the best view with velvet carpet like grass and clear water. It takes one hour from Hulun Buri City to the Grassland by tourist bus. As to the accommodations, one can choose a Mongolian yurt in the vacation village (armored concrete structure) equipped with air conditioner and public toilet.</text>
<text>The Hulun Nur Lake, located on the Hulun Buir Grassland is the largest lake in Inner Mongolia as well as one of the five largest freshwater lakes in China. The Hulun Nur Lake is a paradise for birds and fish. It is home to more than 200 kinds of rare birds, swans, mews, cranes, ducks and aigrettes.</text>
<tip>it takes four to five hours to visit the Hulun Nur Lake. You can go to Manzhouli City on the border of China and Russia, and then take the bus at the gate of the border trade fair to the Hulun Nur Lake.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_41">
<title>{2_5_41}Beishan Mountain Relic--the Fortress in Hailaer for Japan's Kwantung Army</title>
<text>The Beishan Mountain Relic is located on the Beishan Mountain of Hailer City (county level), Hulun Buir City, was built by Japan's Kwantung Army from 1934 to 1937. It was a military work focused on inner land defense. Taking advantage of the surrounding highlands of Hailar, the work has five main positions and four secondary positions, covering an area of 21 square km. The underground work is 17 m in depth, covering an area of over 10,000 square meters, cast of armored concrete, with passages stretching to more than 4,000 meters. The Beishan position is a circled defensive position with complicated work, large scale, and is the most complete and best-preserved facility of its type. It was also the command center of Hailar defensive area. Now, parts of the underground works are open to the pubic.</text>
<image filename="2_5_41a">Beishan Mountain Relic--the Fortress in Hailaer for Japan's Kwantung Army, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_41b">Beishan Mountain Relic--the Fortress in Hailaer for Japan's Kwantung Army, Inner Mongolia</image>
<tip>Take the No. 5 Bus and get off at the terminal station "Tieshoushen Zhan".</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_42">
<title>{2_5_42}Gaxian Cave</title>
<text>Located in Tuobadao Forest Park of Oroqen Autonomous Banner, The Gaxian Cave has become the focus of many archeologists due to the discovery of Xianbei Stone Room in the cave. Xianbei Stone Room was the place where Xianbei ancestors lived. About 2,000 years ago, the once unknown Xianbei people marched towards the south from here, hurdling the Great Wall and established the Northern Wei (386-534), lasting for 148 years.</text>
<text>In the dark and long Gaxian Cave, characters with simple and powerful handwriting carved by Xianbei ancestors still loom on the stone wall.</text>
<tip>Take the train from Hulun Buir to Alihe Station and then take a bus the next day to the destination. The ticket is 20 Yuan.</tip>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_43">
<title>{2_5_43}Darbin Lake National Forest Park</title>
<text>Located on the middle and upper reaches of the Nuomin River and Bila River, on the south slope of the east foot of the Great Hinggan Mountains, the forest area enjoys beautiful scenery.</text>
<text>The scenic spots in the Park include the Darbinluo, Stone Sea, Shenzhi Gorge, Darbin Lake, Sifangshan Pool and Chimney Stone.</text>
<text>"Luo" in the name of "Darbinluo" means small lake. Being a volcano barrier lake, it only covers an area of one square km. Despite the small lake surface, the sunrise here is very beautiful. When the sun rises, a dense smoke rises from the lake surface, lasting for a long time.</text>
<text>The Stone Sea, covering thousands of square km, is named after the lava on the northern bank of the Bila River. Rare deciduous arbor-cork trees (<italic>Bhelodendron</italic>) grow there.</text>
<text>The Shenzhi Gorge is the only grand canyon of the Great Hinggan Mountains. It is located in the lower reaches of the Bila River, and is 70 km long and 30 to 50 meters deep. It has a spectacular view.</text>
<image filename="2_5_43a">Darbin Lake National Forest Park, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_43b">Darbin Lake National Forest Park, Inner Mongolia</image>
</tour_word>
<tour_word bg_image_filename="2_5_44">
<title>{2_5_44}Ergun River</title>
<text>The Ergun River is the southern source of the Heilongjiang River. Ergun City is named after the river. "Ergun" means "holding in both hands and dedication" in Mongolian. The Hailar River rises in the Great Hinggan Mountains and flows to Zhapeng Nur Beiaba Gaytu west of the Hulun Buir Grassland before it turns northeast abruptly, forming an angle of 165 degrees, just like a person holding an object in both hands. Hence, the river changed its name into the Ergun River.</text>
<text>Ergun city has a long history. It is the birthplace of the Mongolian people, acknowledged by all. During the Sui Dynasty (581-618) and Tang Dynasty (618-907), the Mengwu Shiwei tribe lived a nomadic and hunting life here and procreated their descendants. In the 28th year (1689) of Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed, confirming the Ergun River as the boundary river of China and Russia, which is unchanged up to now.</text>
<image filename="2_5_44a">Ergun River, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_44b">Ergun River, Inner Mongolia</image>
<image filename="2_5_44c">Ergun River, Inner Mongolia</image>
<tip>Get to Dayangshu Town of the Oreqen Banner before taking a long-distance bus to Nuominhe Farmland, and then taking a taxi to the park.</tip>
